{"abbreviations":{},"aggregated_contexts":{},"claims":["We discovered during the familiarization period (see below) that some objects were a priori rejected or ignored by each individual monkey","In order to identify and exclude such objects from our sets, we introduced a preliminary object-evaluation phase"],"contexts":[],"equations":[],"facts":["Monkeys can learn the symbolic meaning of tokens","Monkeys can learn the symbolic value of a token by observing conspecifics","One token of each set was rewarded with a bit of apple","Sets of three tokens were used in the first experiment and sets of two tokens were used in the second","The valuable token was presented with different probabilities in the observation phase","The third experiments examined the effect of unequal probabilities","Our results support the view that monkeys can learn from non-conspecific actors through vicarious reward","We discovered during the familiarization period that some objects were a"],"findings":["Monkeys learned the symbolic meaning of tokens and exchanged them for apple rewards, with experiments using sets of three and then two tokens showing they preferentially exchanged the valuable token when it was presented with varying probabilities, and a third experiment examined the effect of unequal probabilities."],"headline":"Monkeys can learn the symbolic meaning of tokens, and exchange them to get a reward","key_statements":["Monkeys can learn the symbolic meaning of tokens, and exchange them to get a reward","One token of each set was rewarded with a bit of apple","Sets of three tokens were used in the first experiment and sets of two tokens were used in the second and third experiments","The valuable token was presented with different probabilities in the observation phase during the first and second experiments in which the monkeys exchanged the valuable token more frequently than any of the neutral tokens","The third experiments examined the effect of unequal probabilities","Our results support the view that monkeys can learn from non-conspecific actors through vicarious reward, even a symbolic task like the token-exchange task","We discovered during the familiarization period that some objects were a priori rejected or ignored by each individual monkey","In order to identify and exclude such objects from our sets, we introduced a preliminary object-evaluation phase"],"keyword_relevance":{},"keywords":["vicarious reward","Brosnan","Rossella Falcone","Aldo Genovesio","Emiliano Brunamonti","Macaque Monkeys Can Learn Token Values","token exchange paradigm","Sara Bevacqua","symbolic meaning","Milena Cervelloni","Stefano Ferraina","Macaque Monkeys","Erika Cerasti","non human primate","human model"],"metadata":{"abstract":"Monkeys can learn the symbolic meaning of tokens, and exchange them to get a reward. Monkeys can also learn the symbolic value of a token by observing conspecifics but it is not clear if they can learn passively by observing other actors, e.g., humans. To answer this question, we tested two monkeys in a token exchange paradigm in three experiments. Monkeys learned token values through observation of human models exchanging them. We used, after a phase of object familiarization, different sets of tokens. One token of each set was rewarded with a bit of apple. Other tokens had zero value (neutral tokens). Each token was presented only in one set. During the observation phase, monkeys watched the human model exchange tokens and watched them consume rewards (vicarious rewards). In the test phase, the monkeys were asked to exchange one of the tokens for food reward. Sets of three tokens were used in the first experiment and sets of two tokens were used in the second and third experiments. The valuable token was presented with different probabilities in the observation phase during the first and second experiments in which the monkeys exchanged the valuable token more frequently than any of the neutral tokens. The third experiments examined the effect of unequal probabilities. Our results support the view that monkeys can learn from non-conspecific actors through vicarious reward, even a symbolic task like the token-exchange task.","affiliations":["Sapienza University of Rome"],"author":"Sara Bevacqua; Erika Cerasti; Rossella Falcone; Milena Cervelloni; Emiliano Brunamonti; Stefano Ferraina; Aldo Genovesio","cited_by":16,"cited_by_api_url":"","date":2013,"doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0059961","full_date":"2013-03-27T00:00:00Z","identifiers":{"doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0059961","pmcid":"PMC3609781","pmid":"23544115","url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0059961&type=printable"},"journal":"PLoS ONE","language":"en","page":"e59961-e59961","pages":"6","source":"OpenAlex","title":"Macaque Monkeys Can Learn Token Values from Human Models through Vicarious Reward","type":"article","volume":"8","word_count":"2264-2729"},"participants":[],"populations":[],"prevalence":[],"processes":[],"reference_links":[],"sections":{"future_work":[],"limitations":[]},"species":[],"statistics":[],"structured_content":[],"structured_summary":{},"study_features":{"snapshot_conclusions":[],"snapshot_methods":[],"snapshot_results":[]},"summary":[],"unstructured_content":null}